The effect of commissioning on Portuguese Primary Health Care units' performance: A four-year national analysis.

BACKGROUND: Portugal underwent a paradigmatic Primary Health Care (PHC) reform in 2005. The reform implemented better health information systems, goal-oriented management, pay-for-performance schemes, functional autonomy for the front-line units, and the general adoption of commissioning processes. Since the implementation of the reform, the same set of indicators have been monitored nationally every year. However, from 2014-2016, the five Regional Health Administrations could individually select part of set of indicators to be commissioned. As the same some indicators were used commissioned in some regions, but not in others, a natural experimental setting to observe the impact of commissioning on the results by comparing the performance of commissioned versus non-commissioned indicators emerged and the effects of commissioning on PHC performance could be evaluated. AIM: Our article aims to clarify the effect of commissioning on the results achieved by PHC units in Portugal following the implementation of the reform. RESULTS: In general, the indicator values improved with time in the three types of units that existed after the reform. However, Model B Family Health Units ('Unidades de Saúde Familiar' or USFs that use pay-for-performance and are more mature) obtained the highest absolute indicator values, followed by Model A USFs (newer units with a fixed salary) and Personalised Health Care Units ('Unidades de Cuidados de Saúde Personalizados' that were created under the model before the reform and offer a fixed salary), respectively. CONCLUSION: The results show a general increase in indicators in all PHC units. However, the indicators used in the commissioning processes exhibited a greater increase. There was no evidence that the better results exhibited by the commissioned indicators were achieved at the expense of a detrimental effect on non-commissioned indicators.

Diagnostic and laboratory test ordering in Northern Portuguese Primary Health Care: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To characterise the test ordering pattern in Northern Portugal and to investigate the influence of context-related factors, analysing the test ordered at the level of geographical groups of family physicians and at the level of different healthcare organisations. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Northern Primary Health Care, Portugal. PARTICIPANTS: Records about diagnostic and laboratory tests ordered from 2035 family physicians working at the Northern Regional Health Administration, who served approximately 3.5 million Portuguese patients, in 2014. OUTCOMES: To determine the 20 most ordered diagnostic and laboratory tests in the Northern Regional Health Administration; to identify the presence and extent of variations in the 20 most ordered diagnostic and laboratory tests between the Groups of Primary Care Centres and between health units; and to study factors that may explain these variations. RESULTS: The 20 most ordered diagnostic and laboratory tests almost entirely comprise laboratory tests and account for 70.9% of the total tests requested. We can trace a major pattern of test ordering for haemogram, glucose, lipid profile, creatinine and urinalysis. There was a significant difference (P<0.001) in test orders for all tests between Groups of Primary Care Centres and for all tests, except glycated haemoglobin (P=0.06), between health units. Generally, the Personalised Healthcare Units ordered more than Family Health Units. CONCLUSIONS: The results from this study show that the most commonly ordered tests in Portugal are laboratory tests, that there is a tendency for overtesting and that there is a large variability in diagnostic and laboratory test ordering in different geographical and organisational Portuguese primary care practices, suggesting that there may be considerable potential for the rationalisation of test ordering. The existence of Family Health Units seems to be a strong determinant in decreasing test ordering by Portuguese family physicians. Approaches to ensuring more rational testing are needed.

Informed consent for case reports: an ethical perspective / Consentimiento informado para informes de caso: una perspectiva ética / Consentimiento informado para relatórios de caso: uma perspectiva ética

Abstract: The case report is a special type of scientific publication that focuses on a single patient, raising problems of confidentiality, as the exposure of the intimacy may facilitate identification of the participants. The legitimacy for the public disclosure derives from the informed consent, ensuring the preservation of patients' self-determination. In this article, we discuss aspects of autonomy as basic ethical principle, framing under the Portuguese Law. In the case reports, as in any clinical investigation, the will of the patient should prevail over the interests of research and researchers, even when he is unable to consent, like the minors, the disabled or the deceased, enforcing the legal rules and addressing to the active involvement of the guardians and the relatives.

Resumen: El caso clínico es un tipo especial de la publicación científica que se centra en un solo individuo. Es ampliamente utilizado en la comunicación médica, tanto desde un punto de vista científico como pedagógico. Plantea problemas respecto a la confidencialidad en la medida en que la descripción de los detalles íntimos puede conducir a la identificación de los pacientes. La legitimidad de la presentación pública se deriva del consentimiento informado, que garantiza la preservación de la autodeterminación del paciente en cuestión. En este artículo, se discuten aspectos de la autonomía como principio ético básico a la luz de la legislación portuguesa. En los informes de casos, como en cualquier investigación, la voluntad del paciente debe prevalecer sobre los intereses de la investigación y de los investigadores, incluso si no puede consentir que en el caso de menores de edad, incapacitados o fallecidos, donde se asumen importantes cuestiones jurídicas y papel de los tutores y familia en este proceso.

Resumo: O relato de caso é um tipo especial de publicação científica que se centra num único indivíduo. É muito utilizado na comunicação médica tanto do ponto de vista científico como pedagógico. Levanta problemas quanto à confidencialidade na medida em que a descrição dos pormenores íntimos pode levar à identificação dos doentes. A legitimidade para a apresentação pública deriva do consentimento informado, que garante a preservação da autodeterminação do doente envolvido. Neste artigo, discutimos os aspetos da autonomia como princípio ético basilar, à luz da Lei Portuguesa. Nos relatos de casos, como em qualquer investigação, a vontade do doente deve prevalecer sobre os interesses da investigação e dos investigadores, mesmo se incapaz para consentir como no caso dos menores, os incapazes ou os falecidos, onde assumem importância as questões legais e o papel dos tutores e familiares neste processo.

The effect of a test ordering software intervention on the prescription of unnecessary laboratory tests - a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The way software for electronic health records and laboratory tests ordering systems are designed may influence physicians' prescription. A randomised controlled trial was performed to measure the impact of a diagnostic and laboratory tests ordering system software modification. METHODS: Participants were family physicians working and prescribing diagnostic and laboratory tests. The intervention group had a modified software with a basic shortcut menu changes, where some tests were withdrawn or added, and with the implementation of an evidence-based decision support based on United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations. This intervention group was compared with usual software (control group). The outcomes were the number of tests prescribed from those: withdrawn from the basic menu; added to the basic menu; marked with green dots (USPSTF's grade A and B); and marked with red dots (USPSTF's grade D). RESULTS: Comparing the monthly average number of tests prescribed before and after the software modification, from those tests that were withdrawn from the basic menu, the control group prescribed 33.8 tests per 100 consultations before and 30.8 after (p = 0075); the intervention group prescribed 31.3 before and 13.9 after (p < 0001). Comparing the tests prescribed between both groups during the intervention, from those tests that were withdrawn from the basic menu, the intervention group prescribed a monthly average of 14.0 vs. 29.3 tests per 100 consultations in the control group (p < 0.001). From those tests that are USPSTF's grade A and B, intervention group prescribed 66.8 vs. 74.1 tests per 100 consultations in the control group (p = 0.070). From those tests categorised as USPSTF grade D, the intervention group prescribed an average of 9.8 vs. 11.8 tests per 100 consultations in the control group (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Removing unnecessary tests from a quick shortcut menu of the diagnosis and laboratory tests ordering system had a significant impact and reduced unnecessary prescription of tests. The fact that it was not possible to perform the randomization at the family physicians' level, but only of the computer servers is a limitation of our study. Future research should assess the impact of different tests ordering systems during longer periods. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN45427977 , May 1st 2014 (retrospectively registered).

Patients' estimations of the importance of preventive health services: a nationwide, population-based cross-sectional study in Portugal.

OBJECTIVES: To determine, in the context of primary care preventive health services, the level of importance that Portuguese patients attribute to different preventive activities. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary Healthcare, Portugal. PARTICIPANTS: 1000 Portuguese adults selected by a stratified cluster sampling design were invited to participate in a computer-assisted telephone survey. Persons with a cognitive or physical disability that hampered the ability to complete a telephone interview and being a nursing home resident or resident in any other type of collective dwelling were excluded. OUTCOMES: Mean level of importance assigned to 20 different medical preventive activities, using a scale of 1-10, with 1 corresponding to 'no importance for you and your health' and 10 indicating 'very important'. RESULTS: The mean level of importance assigned to medical preventive activity was 7.70 (95% CI 7.60 to 7.80). Routine blood and urine tests were considered the most important, with an estimated mean of 9.15 (95% CI 9.07 to 9.24), followed by female-specific interventions (Pap smear, mammography and gynaecological and breast ultrasounds), with mean importance ranging from 8.45 (95% CI 8.23 to 8.63) for mammography to 8.56 (95% CI 8.36 to 8.76) for Pap smear. Advice regarding alcohol consumption (6.18; 95% CI 5.96 to 6.39) and tobacco consumption (5.99; 95% CI 5.75 to 6.23) were considered much less important. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal that Portuguese patients overestimate the importance of preventive medical activities, tend to give more importance to diagnostic and laboratory tests than to lifestyle measures, do not discriminate tests that are important and evidence-based, and seem not be aware of the individualisation of risk. Family physicians should be aware of these optimistic expectations, because these can influence the doctor-patient relationship when discussing these interventions and incorporating personalised risk.

Portuguese Family Physicians' Awareness of Diagnostic and Laboratory Test Costs: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Physicians' ability to make cost-effective decisions has been shown to be affected by their knowledge of health care costs. This study assessed whether Portuguese family physicians are aware of the costs of the most frequently prescribed diagnostic and laboratory tests. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a representative sample of Portuguese family physicians, using computer-assisted telephone interviews for data collection. A Likert scale was used to assess physician's level of agreement with four statements about health care costs. Family physicians were also asked to estimate the costs of diagnostic and laboratory tests. Each physician's cost estimate was compared with the true cost and the absolute error was calculated. RESULTS: One-quarter (24%; 95% confidence interval: 23%-25%) of all cost estimates were accurate to within 25% of the true cost, with 55% (95% IC: 53-56) overestimating and 21% (95% IC: 20-22) underestimating the true actual cost. The majority (76%) of family physicians thought they did not have or were uncertain as to whether they had adequate knowledge of diagnostic and laboratory test costs, and only 7% reported receiving adequate education. The majority of the family physicians (82%) said that they had adequate access to information about the diagnostic and laboratory test costs. Thirty-three percent thought that costs did not influence their decision to order tests, while 27% were uncertain. CONCLUSIONS: Portuguese family physicians have limited awareness of diagnostic and laboratory test costs, and our results demonstrate a need for improved education in this area. Further research should focus on identifying whether interventions in cost knowledge actually change ordering behavior, in identifying optimal methods to disseminate cost information, and on improving the cost-effectiveness of care.

Motives for requesting an electrocardiogram in primary health care.

The management of requests for diagnostic exams presents its own inherent characteristics in primary health care and reflects the specific nature of the physician-patient relationship. The scope of the study was to identify the reasons for requesting an electrocardiogram (ECG) in primary health care. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban region in Portugal, establishing the motives to ask for an ECG consecutively over two years, starting on 01/03/2007 using data retrieved from structured forms filled out by the physician at the moment of requesting the exam. A total of 870 ECGs of 817 patients were included. Symptoms manifested during the patient visit justified 48.5% of the ECGs, and follow-up of cardiovascular risk factors motivated 25.2%. A global health examination accounted for 22.8% of the requests. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of symptoms (p < 0.001), presence of any cardiovascular risk factor (p = 0.002), hypertension (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.002), and urgency (p < 0.001) were the main factors associated with the requests. The requests for electrocardiograms are predominantly for clinical reasons as a result of patients symptoms. The integration of expectations and beliefs of the patients is present in the decision-making process.

Motives for requesting an electrocardiogram in primary health care / Motivos para requisitar um eletrocardiograma nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários

The management of requests for diagnostic exams presents its own inherent characteristics in primary health care and reflects the specific nature of the physician-patient relationship. The scope of the study was to identify the reasons for requesting an electrocardiogram (ECG) in primary health care. A cross-sectional study was conducted in an urban region in Portugal, establishing the motives to ask for an ECG consecutively over two years, starting on 01/03/2007 using data retrieved from structured forms filled out by the physician at the moment of requesting the exam. A total of 870 ECGs of 817 patients were included. Symptoms manifested during the patient visit justified 48.5% of the ECGs, and follow-up of cardiovascular risk factors motivated 25.2%. A global health examination accounted for 22.8% of the requests. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of symptoms (p < 0.001), presence of any cardiovascular risk factor (p = 0.002), hypertension (p < 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.002), and urgency (p < 0.001) were the main factors associated with the requests. The requests for electrocardiograms are predominantly for clinical reasons as a result of patients symptoms. The integration of expectations and beliefs of the patients is present in the decision-making process.

Introdução: A gestão do pedido de testes de diagnóstico apresenta características próprias nos Cuidados de Saúde Primários em função da natureza específica da relação médico-doente. Objetivo: Identificar os motivos para requisitar um eletrocardiograma (ECG) na prática de Cuidados de Saúde Primários. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo observacional transversal dos motivos para o pedido de um ECG numa região urbana de Portugal, utilizando um formulário preenchido pelo médico no momento da requisição, por um período de 2 anos desde 1/03/2007. Resultados: Foram incluídos 870 ECG de 817 doentes. A presença de sintomas na consulta justificou 48.5%, e o seguimento de fatores de risco cardiovasculares representou 25.2%. O exame global de saúde representou 22.8% dos pedidos. A análise multivariada mostrou que a existência de sintomas (p < 0.001), a presença de qualquer fator de risco cardiovascular (p = 0.002), a hipertensão arterial (p < 0.001), a diabetes mellitus (p = 0.002), e o pedido de urgência na execução (p < 0.001) foram os principais fatores associados aos pedidos. Conclusão: Os ECG são requisitados sobretudo em resposta a questões de natureza clínica perante sintomas que os doentes apresentam. A integração das expectativas e crenças dos doentes está presente no processo de decisão médica. .

[The Portuguese Guidelines and Patients Values]. / As Normas de Orientação Clínica em Portugal e os Valores dos Doentes.

INTRODUCTION: Clinical guidelines are support tools, aiming to improve quality of the clinical practice. Patient centered care allows best satisfaction rates, with greater health self-management, and potential gains in quality with fewer costs. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the integration of patients' values in Portuguese guidelines. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed the 18 guidelines about cardiovascular diseases published in Portugal from 2011 to 2013, searching for the integration of patients' ideas, fears, expectations and preferences. RESULTS: Eight guidelines were related to diagnosis approach and 10 with treatment. We found references to patients' values in 5 (28%) guidelines, all about treatment aspects. The incorporation of patients' expectations was the most present feature. Reference to financial costs was present in 78% of the guidelines. DISCUSSION: Clinical guidelines are health technology instruments available to practitioners in order to improve the quality of care provided to patients, who are the real users of these tools. As in other countries, there is a tendency to disregard the users' value systems in the conception of the guidelines, giving the privilege to a population logic, not always applicable to the individual, and to financial arithmetic with low support in cost-effectiveness assessments. In the Portuguese case, the way guidelines were proposed conditioned also some suspicion both in the professionals and in the users. CONCLUSION: Portuguese guidelines have low incorporation of references to patients' values. This is more evident when questions about diagnosis are addressed, placing patients in a secondary role in the clinical decision-making process with potential losses in quality of care and eventual increase in costs.

Introdução: As normas de orientação clínica são instrumentos de apoio à decisão que visam a melhoria da qualidade, promovendo as boas práticas clínicas. Os cuidados orientados para o utente permitem uma melhor satisfação e autogestão da saúde, com ganhos de qualidade e potencialmente menores custos.Objetivo: Avaliar o grau de integração dos valores dos doentes nas normas de orientação clínica publicadas em Portugal. Material e Métodos: Reviram-se as 18 normas de orientação clínica da área cardiovascular publicadas em Portugal entre 2011 e 2013, procurando avaliar a introdução das ideias, medos, expectativas e preferências dos doentes. Resultados: Oito normas de orientação clínica estavam relacionadas com processos de diagnóstico e 10 com aspetos de terapêutica. Em cinco normas de orientação clínica (28%) foram encontradas referências a valores dos doentes, todas na área da terapêutica, não existindo nenhuma nas normas de orientação clínica relacionadas com o diagnóstico. A incorporação das expectativas dos doentes foi o aspeto mais presente. Em 78% existiam referências à valorização dos custos financeiros. Discussão: As normas de orientação clínica constituem-se como uma tecnologia de saúde ao dispor dos profissionais com o objetivo de melhorar a prestação dos cuidados assistenciais aos cidadãos, utilizadores últimos destes instrumentos. Como noutros países, há uma tendência a não considerar os utentes e os seus sistemas de valores na estrutura das orientações, privilegiando-se uma lógica populacional nem sempre aplicável ao caso concreto, e uma aritmética financeira pouco suportada em avaliações de custoefetividade. No caso português, a forma como foram propostas foi também condicionadora de desconfiança tanto nos profissionais como nos utentes.Conclusão: As normas de orientação clínica em Portugal apresentam uma baixa taxa de incorporação dos valores dos utentes, de uma forma mais visível na definição do diagnóstico, o que os coloca numa posição secundária no processo de decisão clínica com potenciais perdas na qualidade.

Preventive health services implemented by family physicians in Portugal-a cross-sectional study based on two clinical scenarios.

OBJECTIVES: To assess whether Portuguese family physicians perform preventive health services in accordance with scientific evidence, based on the recommendations of the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Primary healthcare, Portuguese National Health Service. PARTICIPANTS: 255 Portuguese family physicians selected by a stratified cluster sampling design were invited to participate in a computer-assisted telephone survey. OUTCOMES: Prevalence of compliance with USPSTF recommendations for screening, given a male and female clinical scenario and a set of proposed medical interventions, including frequency of the intervention and performance in their own daily practice. RESULTS: A response rate of 95.7% was obtained (n=244). 98-100% of family physicians answered according to the USPSTF recommendations in most interventions. In the male scenario, the lowest concordance was observed in the evaluation of prostate-specific antigen with 37% of family physicians answering according to the USPSTF recommendations. In the female scenario, the lowest concordance was for cholesterol testing with 2% of family physicians complying. Family physicians younger than 50 years had significantly better compliance scores than older ones (mean 77% vs 72%; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We found a high degree of agreement with USPSTF recommendations among Portuguese family physicians. However, we also found results suggesting excessive use of some medical interventions, raising concerns related to possible harm associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment.

A population-based nationwide cross-sectional study on preventive health services utilization in Portugal--what services (and frequencies) are deemed necessary by patients?

BACKGROUND: Most of the strategies to induce a more rational use of preventive health services are oriented to the medical side of the doctor-patient relationship. However, the consultation model has changed, and patients now have a more important role in medical consultation. The aim of this study was to assess which healthcare services are deemed necessary, and with what frequency, by adults from the general Portuguese population. DESIGN: Population-based nationwide cross-sectional study Setting: Portuguese population Participants: One thousand Portuguese adults, surveyed by computer-assisted telephone interviewing and selected by a stratified cluster sampling design. MEASUREMENTS: Proportions and population prevalence estimates were determined for each healthcare service, taking into account whether respondents considered them necessary, and with what frequency. RESULTS: Respondent ages ranged between 18 and 97 years, and 520 of 1000 (52%) respondents were women. Among Portuguese adults, 99.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 98.5 to 99.6) believe that they should undergo general routine blood and urine tests, to be repeated every 12.0 months on average (95% CI: 11.4 to 12.6); 87.4% (95% CI: 85.3 to 89.3) of the respondents reported having actually performed these tests. Of the 15 services surveyed, 14 were considered periodically necessary by more than 60% of respondents. Among the respondents, 37.7% (95% CI: 34.5 to 41.1) reported using healthcare services by their own initiative. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of Portuguese adults believe that they should utilize a great number of healthcare services, on a nearly annual basis; most actually follow this schedule. Our findings indicate a tendency towards the overuse of resources. Adequate patient-oriented strategies regarding the use of medical tests and preventive interventions--with appropriate information and discussion of risks and harms--are urgently needed, and crucial for achieving a more rational use of healthcare services and for preventing the consequences of over-testing.